Facebook Effect

Facebook effects Social network makes a big change into our life. Facebook is a new place to communicate, and entertain. Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook, is an absolutely talented person. The creation of Facebook let us easier to communicate and share our opinion to other, and this is the reason makes Facebook becomes so popular. As the facebook is getting famous, people fall so deeply in Facebook which they spend too much time on it. Facebook has a big influence on us; we should reduce the amount of time that we wasted on it.One reason, facebook can affect the relationship between friends and family. One function of facebook is chat or message; this function replaced face to face communication or phone. Most of the teenager use chat instead of other communication’s ways, this cause them forget how to converse when face to face. As the facebook becomes more convenient for us, we apply more time on it. It may disturb the time we shared with family or someone you love.For e xample, facebook can increase jealousy in a relationship, because you can know everything by checking other person’s wall. It may makes more argues or breaks up. Another reason, facebook can indirectly change our health. With the new technology, the social network isn’t just on our computer, it also locate on our cell phone. We pay out lot of time to look at the small screen phone when we are on the bed, on transportation, and in the cafe. This behavior is so harmful that our eyes will hurt a lot.Facebook is a public environment for us to commend or communicate with other. However, some people wrote negative commend on someone status or wall, it possibly will hurt that person feeling and this is a form of mental damage. The main reason why we should reduce the time of being online on Facebook is because it can affect our education, especially children. Most of the children don’t have a good self control. Therefore they will use tons of time for chatting with fri ends, analyzing their wall and playing game on facebook.Since they spend most of the day on facebook, they will forget or procrastinate to do their homework assignment. This will drop down their grade in school. Slang is another big problem on education. While we are talking through message, we usually put slang into our sentence. This decreases our knowledge of English, and we will feel confusion while we are writing a regular essay. Facebook also contains unconstructive and harmful information, which can manipulate the children to do something wrong. Facebook predominately change our life.It is a wonderful social site where we meet new friend and entertain ourselves. Although facebook is an excellent place for us to communicate, it has several bad effects on us. Facebook can destroy our relationship between family and friend. If you stay online for too long every day, you will sense that you health will probably get worst and it will affect our grade in school too. Even though fac ebook can reduce our stress, we should reduce the time that we used on facebook In order to balance our life.

President Andrew Jackson Essay

Andrew Jackson, our seventh President of the United States, is in rather an ok President. Considered as the â€Å"People’s President† he was very straight forward and honest to â€Å"his people†. He takes his job seriously and possibly the most liberal president in history. His presidency however was neither bad nor good, but shared a fair amount of each. First off, the good qualities he had was the fact he had bold commitment to enforce laws and fight back against secession threats from South. Two high tariffs were passed during 1828 and 1833 which increased taxes on imported foreign goods. The south was outraged by the high taxation so under the Nullification act that allows states to nullify laws they don’t like. Soon after the second tariff was issued, they formed a convention to build up an army with the idea of secession. Jackson was so enraged that he was willing to use all the power he has to stop it. Fortunately he was able to make a deal with the Vice President John C. Calhoun, who was in favor of the south, to lower the tax prices. The south backed off from secession and things settled down. Secondly, the bad if not malicious duties Jackson did during his presidency was the force removal of Native Americans from Georgia to the west and the ending the National Bank system. The state of Georgia was against the Supreme Court who was against the removal of the Natives. Even though the Supreme Court won, Georgia as well as Jackson ignored it and forced the Natives out of Georgia to the present state of Oklahoma. Many died before they even got there. As to the National Bank issue, Jackson believed that it was a monopoly towards the upper class people and as a result refuse to recharter it. Jackson used one of his vetoes, and the Bank’s congressional supporters did not have enough votes to override him. The Bank ceased to exist when its charter expired in 1836, but even before that Jackson had weakened it considerably by withdrawing millions of dollars of federal funds. This later resulted in contributing to the Panic of 1837.

High School Experience Essay

High school is always a terrifying experience for a lot of kids. It’s the point in their life when they become adults and realize who they want to be. It also indicates where they will be heading in life and what they will be doing in the future. Most high schools have the common social groups such as the jocks, the preps, the popular kids, and the norms, and people often find themselves making drastic changes to their personality or appearance to be accepted into at least one of these groups. School has always been difficult for me as far as fitting in with the crowd, so in high school, it was important to me to figure out which group I felt the most comfortable with and could be myself in without being judged or rejected. Every once in a while, different groups become intertwined with each other and get along quite well. Whether it’s the jocks and the popular kids, or the norms and the nerds, they all find a way to connect and make sure everyone feels at home. In my high school experience, that is exactly what happened. As one jock, named Allison went through her days living her dreams as a cheerleader, a prep named Madison went through hers imagining she owned the school. These two girls who had joined completely different groups, found a connection and became close friends with one of the popular kids, named Lauren, who never seemed to have a hard time making friends, and myself, who never cared too much about anything besides getting through each day with the best education possible, a common norm trait. As the years went on, so did our high school experience, and our bond became stronger and stronger until the day came we all had to go our separate ways. On May 23, 2014, I had one of the most memorable experiences with these three girls. As we closed one chapter in our lives and opened up for a new one to begin, we placed our caps on our heads and took our diplomas in our hands. Taking our last glance at an old place, and saying goodbye to old friends, we embrace our last moments and prepare for the first moments at a new place with new friends.

Degree essay assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Degree assignment - Essay Example ISO 9000 is not a product standard, it concerns processes. The efficient and effective management of processes affects whether or not everything has been done to ensure that the product satisfies the customers quality requirements. The term ISO 9000 refers to a set of quality management standards. The ISO 9000 standards, first published in 1987 revised in 1994 and republished in 2000, have been adopted by many organizations all over the world and apply to all types of organizations, large and small, and in many industries. The 2000 version, ISO 9000:2000, placed the concept of process management directly in the Standard, although the essential goal of the standard, of achieving management system effectiveness via process performance metrics, remained the same. It reduced the emphasis on having documented procedures if clear evidence could be presented to show that the process was working well. ISO  9000 currently includes three quality standards: ISO 9000:2000, ISO  9001:2000, and ISO  9004:2000.   ISO 9001:2000 presents requirements, while ISO 9000:2000 and ISO 9004:2000 present guidelines. The three standards ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003 have been integrated into the new ISO 9001:2000. The entire family of standards should be used in an integrated manner. It is suggested that, beginning with ISO 9000:2000, you adopt ISO 9001:2000 to achieve a first level of performance. The practices described in ISO 9004:2000 may then be implemented to make your quality management system increasingly effective in achieving your own business goals. (ISO, 2005) Hence when an organization claims to be "ISO 9000 compliant", it means they conform to ISO 9001:2000. ISO 9001:2000 is now the only standard in the ISO 9000 family against whose requirements a company’s quality system can be certified by an external agency. The standard classifies product into generic product categories: processed material, hardware, software and services required by the customer. The

The key principles of human resource management Essay

The key principles of human resource management - Essay Example This essay discusses that there are more similarities between personnel management and human resource management than difference and this is mainly assumed by different number of authors. According to Torington, a personnel management is continues process of growth and evolution where more expertise people are required. In this evolutionary process HRM is adding only a dimension to a multi faceted role and is not assumed as a revolutionary concept. But the concept of HRM should not be undervalued or underestimated. Storey has regarded HRM as different approach and philosophy for the management. HRM provides a new platform for managing personnel. Difference between Personnel management and HRM are mainly comprises of meaning than of substance. Thus the real difference between personnel and HRM is not actually what the concept are but who are defining the concepts. Another important difference between the two approaches is appreciation towards the employees. Personnel management believ es that employees are the key to improve the performance whereas HRM assumes that the employees are essential for success of the organisation. HRM concentrates on strategic fits unlike personnel management; HRM emphasis on individuals whereas personnel emphasis on collectively; Personnel management provides a generalised HR solution and HRM a much more tailored solution; There is an increase need of HR specialist in case of personnel management whereas in HRM senior mangers perform the work of an HR. Personnel is associated with trade union and managing conflict and HRM with performance, capabilities and outcomes. HRM has a strong emphasis over horizontal and vertical integration. It operates at a strategic level and personnel management is more operationally oriented (Banfield & Kay, 2008, p.40). Function of the human resource management in contributing to organisational purposes The functions of HRM have changed over the years and are continuing to change. The function of HR is to enable organisation to achieve the objectives by way of taking initiatives and providing the required guidance as well as support on matters relating to the organisations employees. The main motive is to develop HR strategies and policies in the organisations. HR functions also play an important part in creation of the organisation environment which enables the employees to utilise their capabilities to benefit both the organisation and the individual. The function of HRM also tends to provide advice and services which enables the organisation to get work done through individuals. The sophisticated HRM aims to achieve a strategic integration (Armstrong, 2006, p.54). The HRM concerns most of the managers as well as

Impact of the Globalization on a More Even Distribution of Economic Essay

Impact of the Globalization on a More Even Distribution of Economic Activity - Essay Example II. Measuring Globalisation: It is very difficult to measure globalization basing on the movement of production factors. Dispersion of production happens in order to have more access to inputs and so also more access to the external markets. Since there are interdependencies between the factors such as direct investment flows generate exports and movement of knowledge and technology while exports can also generate technology transfers and new inflow of FDI, measuring the extent of globalization becomes a difficult task. However there are some indicators by which one can have a fair idea of extent of globalization. Some of them as cited in the OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators are: A. Globalisation through FDI- 1. What is the FDI position (inward and outward) as a share of GDP 2. What is the balance of inflows and outflows of direct investment for a given country 3. What is the propensity to reinvest earnings (earnings/income) from direct investment 4. What is the share of foreign-controlled affiliates in economic output. B. Globalisation through Trade: 1. Share of total exports in GDP. 2. Average of exports in GDP. 3. Share of domestic final demand met by imports. 4. Share of GDP generated by total exports. There are many such indicators mention of which is beyond the purview of this essay. FDI1 is a good measure to know the extent of economic activities across the globe. "To create, acquire or expand a foreign subsidiary, MNEs undertake FDI. The total direct capital owned by non-residents in a given country each year constitutes the stock of FDI" (Navaretti & Venables, 3). As stated earlier that with a propensity of access to market and also access to inputs companies goes for cross border activities or disperses their business... This essay attempts to analyze the development of economic activities in various regions of the world under the influence of the globalization processes. After the year 1980 the world witnessed a new movement for the global economic integration, which was rapid rapid due to technological changes in various sectors. The unprecedented technological change in the transport and communication sector making the swift movement of goods and services, human resources and information on knowledge and technology across the globe at a cheaper cost is the main factor which continues to drive the globalization process. The changing attitude of the people and more liberal government policies contributed to deepen and widen the process of the economic integration by shifting the focus of the planners from national economies to an integrated world economy. With breaking of the trade barriers and changing of the economic policies of the nations across the world make the companies to become transnational by opening up subsidiaries to distribute the business processes throughout the world. Though the process of economic integration occurring at a faster rate in the developed countries but the same is yet to be achieved at rapid rate in developing world. What is needed for redressing global imbalances is a responsible multilateral effort, rather than pressure on parts of the developing world. A well-coordinated international macroeconomic approach would improve the chances of the poorer countries to consolidate their gains in growth performance

Market analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Market analysis - Essay Example The only company that did not take any of the money was Ford. Ford is the only company that is stable economically even though it has suffered a decline in the demand for its products due to the global economic recession. The most profitable company in the auto industry is Honda. Its gross margin in 2009 was 25.88% (Hoovers). The American auto industry has been giving ground to the top Japanese automakers, Toyota and Honda, for years. The American auto industry dates back over 100 years. Despite their experience the Japanese since the 1980’s have been dominating the four-cylinder economy car marketplace. They utilized lean manufacturing processes and superb quality standards which increased their productivity. The American auto industry due to its longevity and slow reaction to market changes had many structural cost problems. The cost of labor and labor cost are much higher than other foreign marketplaces. The American auto unions are very powerful and influence which forces the auto makers to pay premium labor prices for direct labor. Outsourcing is a market tendency in the domestic market. There is an opportunity in the domestic auto market for new entrants that want to participate in the supply chain of automakers because American automakers are looking for ways to reduce cost by streamlining their operations. Traditionally American automakers produced the majority of their parts in-house. The business environment has changed and the automaker no longer desire to participate in the market for used car parts. A new entrant in the marketplace for used auto parts can penetrate and achieve market share growth faster than normal. The auto industry is going through some harsh times. To stimulate the demand for new cars the US government in created the â€Å"Cash for Clunkers Program† which took off the streets nearly 690,000 gas wasting vehicles. In the auto industry companies are consolidating their auto models to create

Economic Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Finance - Assignment Example Theorists in this context often argued that the occurrence of East Asian crisis was the consequence of the fiscal irresponsibility performed by global institutions including the IMF, especially concerning its financial liberalization policy of the 1980s and the 1990s (Bustelo, â€Å"The East Asian Financial Crises: An Analytical Survey†). THESIS STATEMENT The following discussion hereunder intends to focus on the arguments made by Joseph E. Stiglitz on IMF intervention, which is often accounted as a key reason for the East Asian Financial crisis of the 1990s. Accordingly the discussion also includes the description of the other agendas laid by the IMF other than the promotion of stability and growth in the least developed countries of the world. HOW THE IMF INTERVENTION DID WORSEN THE EAST ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS OF THE LATE 1990s? According to Stiglitz, the IMF policies in respect to the gradual capital market and financial liberalization should be accounted as the most import ant reasons of the East Asian financial crisis in the year 1990 (89-91). Stiglitz further argues that the IMF was founded with an intention to deal with similar crisis situations, but it failed in preventing the East Asia Crisis of the 1990s rather worsening the crisis situation being emphasized to facilitate liberalization within the global economy. Such liberalization activities around the world contributed to currency speculations affecting the group of poorer and developing nations of the East Asian region (Stiglitz 91-95). Arguments by Stiglitz concentrates on the consequences of encouragement by the IMF, in support of the US Treasury, to promote capital market liberalization globally. As per the enacted policy measure of market liberalization, IMF credited the Asian markets with supply of capital in dollars as a measure to aid their sustenance in the currency exchange rates. Accordingly, the money was utilized by the countries to provide the various firms with dollars. These d ollars were again utilized by the firms in the repayment of loans obtained from the Western banks increasing currency speculation. Such a transition in the capital market led to high inflation rates in the East Asian countries. Additionally, in order to rectify this problem, IMF imposed higher rates of interest, taxes and cut offs on the government expenditures in the East Asian countries at the time when they were facing the negative consequences of high degree of indebtedness. As a consequence, many firms in the East Asian countries perished, thus worsening the crisis situation in the region (Stiglitz 104-113). According to Stiglitz, another the major fault of the IMF in worsening the crisis situation in the 1990s was its policy to support the attitude of a ‘bumbling restructuring’ (Stiglitz 113-118). Undoubtedly, restricting without proper planning inhibited the stable growth and reformation within the East Asian economies. Not only so, but according to Stiglitz, the restructuring increased the chaos within these economies, which were already suffering from increasing levels of unemployment along with deepening inflation rates and huge burden of indebtedness (113-118). Above the mentioned issues, Stiglitz also argued that the most serious fault of IMF in performing its responsibilities was its greater significance to corporate welfare rather than towards the development of the rudimental levels of the East Asian

Messy People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Messy People - Essay Example Interestingly, I usually feel that I can normally do extraordinary things compared to my organized friends. Friends and classmates have always complained to me to slightly minimize my level of messiness but I still believe that I am in the right truck. I feel that messiness makes life very easy because it does not require seriousness in almost every element. Nevertheless, I have also had several praises from my other friends for being unique, hardworking and intelligent. Because I do not normally clear my table before I start working because I treat it as a waste of time, I normally do things and achieve my targets very fast. I do not normally pan for the clothes I wear or even rigidly plan for what to do the next day in the office since anything new or emergency may crop up. I have been criticized by a friend whom I think is extremely organized. Organized people tend to be more efficient and always act and think more logically compared to the messy people. Also, organized people kno w exactly what they are doing and what their next step should be. Organized people usually plan for everything they do and have very minimal chances of making mistakes. This really wastes a lot of time. It may be right that getting organized is a waste of time and therefore an individual who is naturally messy should not waste time in trying to get organized. Organizing especially data or any other important information in a particular place may be a bit risky as it covers an inner chaos and insecurity. Additionally, sorting and organizing things in an orderly way may greatly waste a lot of time. I may be able to do a lot of work by utilizing time that would have been wasted in doing organization. I do not have to take longer time trying to do filling or even finding a piece of information from a file. Nonetheless it should be noted that messiness does not mean being disorganized (Freedman Web). I tend to think that planning and scheduling events as it is done by my extremely organi zed friend is a sign of rigidity in the way he does his work. I think that it is still logical to schedule events by the hour as this creates room for surprises. Blending flexibility in organizing work gives a room to plan around every curve that may appear ahead. However, Messy people may easily make mistake and are increasingly inefficient. I believe that messiness should not be extreme as this may be dangerous in some instances. On the other hand, a very messy individual may not be as productive as moderately messy or organized individuals because they may not take things seriously (Freedman Web I have noted that messiness should have a limit especially when I consider state of another friend of mine. In most cases, the friend has to search for valuable materials from accumulated garbage which also occupies a very large space in his table. Not once has he ever complained about missing possessions which he later realizes that mixed with trash. Moreover, he normally looks out of co ntrol both personally and professionally. He seems lazy and ignorant or rather very forgetful. I suggested to him that he should organize himself and set reminders otherwise his messiness may turn up to be a serious and dangerous mess. Hanging around him especially in his room may be very boring and hazardous. There may be small pins on the floor that constantly injure him or even stepping on some crucial documents or gadgets (Freedman

Clinical Supervision in Counseling Essay Example for Free

Clinical Supervision in Counseling Essay Professional competence is shown in many counselors throughout the world. One way that competence is displayed by counselors is their ability to utilize clinical supervision and consultation. Even long standing professionals in the field of counseling continually seek supervision. When confronted with difficult ethical decision making and unique situations in its best to gain an outside objective viewpoints. In reference to the case study, there are plenty of ethical dilemmas and unethical decisions made by Joe and his supervisor. It is clear their personal values differ from those who choose to follow ethical codes in counseling. The APA and ACA’s ethical standards and codes have certain relations in comparison to the violations which Joe and his supervisor have perpetrated. To avoid breaches of ethical codes, there are ACA ethics committee members to inform appropriate relationship standards with all individuals involved in the counseling process. Clinical supervision is important to utilize for each counselor’s self-awareness. The case study implies that Joe ended counseling sessions with Jill because they had mutual feelings of attraction towards each other. He made an ethical decision in doing so by recognizing the counseling relationship would be ineffective. Joe and Jill began a sexual relationship which ended abruptly after a month, with no physical or verbal contact afterwards. Joe had a guilty conscious of their unethical relationship. The imperative action he failed to do was follow through with the proper referral process by choosing to obtain clinical supervision from his supervisor for Jill’s well-being. However, Joe and his supervisor recently started a sexually relationship. He did not seek referral assistance for Jill to avoid hurt feelings from his supervisor. Inquiring the behaviors of both counselor and supervisor, there were evident breaches of ethics. The counselor and supervisor should have the knowledge that any non-professional relationship between the two is unethical and a breach of ethics. In other words, they should have known better. Teaching and modeling ethical and professional behavior is an important responsibility of a supervisor (Argosy, 2013). All psychologist, counselors and members of the ACES (The Association for Counselor Education and Supervision) must abide by the ACA and APA Code of Ethics. The ACES has developed ethical codes for counseling supervisors and is in accordance with the purpose of the ACA as well as a founding division of the ACA. According to ACES, the best practice guidelines are intended to support supervisors in their work. The ACES’s guidelines are offered to augment the judgment of supervisors as they make it their requirement to offer ethical and legal protection of rights of supervisors, supervisees and clients, and meet professional needs of supervisees while protecting client welfare (ACES, Best Practices in Supervision, 2010). With regards to ACES practice guidelines there are other exceptional tools or standards available to ensure supervisors know crucial standards for their practice. The American Counseling Association created a â€Å"Journal of Counseling Development†: Standards of Counseling Supervisors (ACA/ACES, 1990, JCD v69 n 1, Pg. 30, Vol. 69). † The standards implemented is this journal are important to counseling supervisors toS develop core areas of knowledge, competencies, and personal traits that characterize effective counselors. What happened between the counselor and the supervisor was extremely unacceptable. My values clash with their values. I am sure when I am counseling clients for mental health I will be attracted to a few men here and there. I may even be attracted to my supervisor or a colleague of mine. Physical or emotional attraction is a normal function as a human being, and is not a dangerous or awful thing. Making verbal or physical actions to distinctive attractions will not be the case for me. I would not want to jeopardize my career involving an unethical mistake concerning my attraction to one of my clients. I value the direction in which I am being educated, and I will value even more when I am certified and access a seemingly well respective job. Ethical standards and codes are needed to be taken very seriously. The APA and ACA have very similar codes of ethics and ethical standards. As I have stated before, Joe and his supervisor breached certain codes of ethics specifically pertaining to having a sexual relationship. According to the APA ethical standards it states, â€Å"Psychologists do not engage in sexual relationships with students or supervisees who are in their department, agency, or training center or over whom psychologists have or are likely to have evaluative authority (APA, 2010). One of the ACA Codes of Ethics involving relationships has boundaries regarding supervisory relationships. Logically, between current supervisees and their supervisor sexual and romantic interactions or relationships are prohibited (ACA, 2005). Within the APA and ACA ethical standards, they seem to have overall similar conclusion regarding sexual relationships between counselors and supervisors. One difference I recognized is that the APA states ethical ways of going about multiple relationships with clients, although it is best to refrain in case of impairment to the psychologist’s competency (APA, 2010). Also, The ACA has ethical standards involving potential ethical beneficial relationships with supervisees in a non–professional setting, such as attending a funeral for the supervisee. This has to be discussed between the supervisor and supervisee and documentation of the rationale for the relationship is a necessity (ACA, 2005). Members of the ACA and APA ethics committee have a huge responsibility to manage enforcement of the ethical codes concerning the APA or ACA and to enhance professional development through professions. Committee members have important obligations such as processing cases of alleged violations. However, a committee member cannot warrant the job review of any member affiliated or that is under the Code of Ethics. If I was an ACA Ethics Committee member, I would inform appropriate behavioral codes for counselors, especially new counselors to the field. I would certainly inform them of the no tolerance policies of sexual or intimate relations with co-workers or clients, as well as all ethical codes. I would make them aware of the role and function of what I do as a part of the committee. For example, we as a committee process complaints of ethical violations or alleged violations. Most importantly I would want to educate health professionals of the membership according to the ACA codes, and what the roles and functions of ethical committees. I would like to continue to adopt many values of ethical codes, ethical decision making, standards and principals for supervision that I highly appreciate.

Maintenance and Operation of Lubricant Systems

Maintenance and Operation of Lubricant Systems Activity 1 Explain the purpose and the applications of three different types of lubricant. Greases: are solid or semisolid lubricants and generally consist of soaps, mineral oil, and various additives. These are highly viscous ad adhere well to metal surfaces. Although used extensively in machinery, greases are of limited use in manufacturing processes. Graphite: is weak in shear alone its basal planes and therefore has a low coefficient of friction in that direction. It is an effective solid lubricant, particularly at elevated temperatures. In a vacuum or an inertgas atmosphere, friction is very high; in fact, graphite can be abrasive in these situations. We can apply graphite either by rubbing it on surfaces or by making it part of a colloidal (dispersion of small particles). Glasses: is a solid material, glass becomes viscous at elevated temperatures and, therefore, can serve as a liquid lubricant. Viscosity is a function of temperatures, but not of pressure, and depends on the type of glass. Poor thermal conductivity also makes glass attractive, since it acts as a thermal barrier between hot work pieces and relatively cool dies. Glass lubrication is typically used in such applications as hot extrusion and forging. Activity 2 Describe the operation and maintenance of three different lubrications systems. Oil circulatory systems: In Oil circulatory systems, the oil is continuously supplied to various moving parts and bearings. In such systems, oil acts both as lubricant and also as coolant by earning away heat generated in the bearings/moving parts. The oil after lubrication is returned to reservoir either directly or through filters. These systems are large, employing reservoirs of capacity ranging from few hundreds of liters to thousands of liters. The pumps are heavy duty, intended for continuous running, with flow rate ranging from few tens of LPM to few thousands of LPM. These systems are widely used for plants like Cement, Sugar, Paper, Power generation. Steel as well as heavy duty machineries. Full Force Feed systems: In a full force-feed lubrication system, the main bearings, rod bearings, camshaft bearings, and the complete valve mechanism are lubricated by oil under pressure. In addition, the full force-feed lubrication system provides lubrication under pressure to the pistons and the piston pins. This is accomplished by holes drilled the length of the connecting rod, creating an oil passage from the connecting rod bearing To the piston pin bearing. This passage not only feeds the piston pin bearings but also provides lubrication for the pistons and cylinder walls. This system is used in virtually all engines that are equipped with full-floating piston pins. Force Feed systems: A fairly more complete pressurization of lubrication is achieved in the force-feed lubrication system Oil is forced by the oil pump from the crankcase to the main bearings and the camshaft bearings. Unlike the combination system the connecting-rod bearings are also fed oil under pressure from the pump. Oil passages are drilled in the crankshaft to lead oil to the connecting-rod bearings. The passages deliver oil from the main bearing journals to the rod bearing journals. In some engines, these opening are holes that line up once for every crankshaft revolution. In other engines, there are annular grooves in the main bearings through which oil can feed constantly into the hole in the crankshaft. The pressurized oil that lubricates the connecting-rod bearings goes on to lubricate the pistons and walls by squirting out through strategically drilled holes. This lubrication system is used in virtually all engines that are equipped with semifloating piston pins. Activity 3: Describe the operation of one seal, one type of packing and two different types of bearing with a typical application for each one. Seal: End face seals: This type of seal uses both rigid and flexible fundamentals that maintain contact at a sealing interface and slide on each other, allowing a rotating element to a pass through a sealed case. The elements are hydraulically and mechanically loaded with a spring or other device to maintain contact. In general the end face seal is sealed to the pump end plate by a gasket or O- ring and also the rotating seal face runs against the stationary seat (the opposing surface lapped to high degree of flatness). An end face mechanical seal, also known as a mechanical face seal but usually simply as a mechanical seal, is a type of seal utilised in rotating equipment, such as pumps and compressors. Packing: O-ring: Is a packing and it is also known as tonic joint, it is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus. It has a cross-section with a disc-shaped; it is also a loop of elastomer. O-rings are one of the most common seals used in machine design because they are inexpensive and easy to make, reliable, and have simple mounting requirements. They can seal tens of megapascals (thousands of psi) pressure. An O-ring is basically defined by its section diameter and the inner diameter of the O-Ring. O rings have many advantageous features including Low cost suit static dynamic duties space efficient seals in both directions fluid pressure assists sealing Suitable for all fluids-using appropriate elastomers. Two different types of bearings: Plain bearing: In general plain bearing have rubbing surfaces usually with lubricants. The stiffness of plain bearing are Good, provided wear is low, but some slack is normally present. It also has a very low speed to a very high sleep. Plain bearing is the simplest type of bearing, widely used, relatively high friction, suffers from stiction in some applications. Some bearings use pumped lubrication and behave similarly to fluid bearings. At high speeds life can be very short. Rolling-element bearing: A rolling-element rotary bearing uses a shaft in a much larger hole, and cylinders called rollers tightly fill the space between the shaft and hole. As the shaft turns, each roller acts as the logs in the above example. Yet, since the bearing is round, the rollers never fall out from under the load. A rolling-element bearing is a bearing which carries a load by placing round elements between the two pieces. The relative motion of the pieces causes the round elements to roll with very little rolling resistance and with little sliding. It is the earliest and best-known rolling-element bearings are sets of logs laid on the ground with a large stone block on top. As the stone is pulled, the logs roll along the ground with little sliding friction. As each log comes out the back, it is moved to the front where the block then rolls on to it. Activity 4: Describe two different types of screwed fasting and two different types of rivet giving a typical application for each one. Two different types of screwed fasting: Bolts and Nuts: Bolts and nuts can be made from steel, brass, aluminum alloys and plastic. There are all sorts of bolts and nuts with different sizes for example: M6x25 high tensile bolt BZP M2 full not zinc The above metric blots and nuts and specified as steel. The specifications for bolts and nuts: Example: M8x1.550: M specifies that it is metric. The number next to the letter M which is 8 specifies the diameter in millimeters. 1.5 specifies the tread pitch in millimeters. 50 specifies the length of the shank in millimeters. There are other bolts for example: Tap bolt A bolt that is threaded all the way to the head. Eye bolt A bolt with a looped head. Toggle bolt A bolt with a special nut known as a wing. It is designed to be used where there is no access to side of the material where the nut is located. Usually the wing is spring loaded and expands after being inserted into the hole. The strength of the bolts Can be identified by reading the numbers stamped on the head of the bolts, these are referred to the grad of the bolt used in certain applications with the strength of the bolt. High-strength steel bolts usually have a hexagonal head with an International Organization for Standardization(ISO) strength rating stamped on the head. Studs and nuts: Studs: Road studs: These are generally used on hard surfaces, such as roads or very had ground. They are normally 4 to 6 sided, small and flat in size and blunt. Ice studs: these are also designed for use on hard surfaces, but generally have a longer, sharper point than road studs, to provide traction on slippery surfaces. Grass studs: are also known as bullet studs , they come in many different lengths but are always larger and shaper than road studs and generally narrow so they can dig into hard, dry ground. Mud Studs: are used on extremely soft or wet riding surfaces where deep traction is needed. They are bigger thanRoad Studsbut often rounded on top and come in several different lengths.Mud Studscan also be square in shape, known asBlock Studs.SomeMud Studsare knownasOlympic Studs*which are long and sharp and used for extremely slippery ground Two different types of rivets: Blind rivets. These types of blind rivets have non-locking mandrels and are avoided for critical structural joints because the mandrels may fall out, due to vibration or other reasons, leaving a hollow rivet that will have a significantly lower load carrying capability than solid rivets. In addition, because of the mandrel they are more horizontal to failure from corrosion and vibration. A drive rivet: A drive rivet is an appearance of blind rivet that has a little mandrel protruding from the head that is driven in with a hammer to flicker out the end inserted in the hole. This is usually used to rivet wood panels into place since the hole does not need to be drilled all the way through the panel, producing a beautiful pleasing appearance. They can also be used with plastic, metal, Other materials and require no special setting tool other than a hammer and possibly a backing block. P5-Decribe the operation of two different types of cam and followers and two different types of linage mechanism. Two different types of cam and followers: Cam followers are comparable to needle or cylindrical roller bearings with a thick-walled external ring. The crowned outer surface of the outer ring prevents border stresses if the roller runs in a twisted or inclined location. They are grease full ready-to-mount units appropriate for all types of cam drives, tracks and conveyor systems. In its place of an inner ring cam followers have a hard threaded pin to permit the cam follower to be quickly and easily attached to the machine mechanism by means of a hexagonal nut. Axial guidance is provided through an essential flange on the external ring at the top of the pin and a side. Cam followers are obtainable in three different internal designs. Usually, the cam followers have concentric seating on the pin, but some are also accessible with a strange collar shrunk on to the stud. Cam follower bearings with collar allow an optimum interaction with the cam and allow fewer stringent developed tolerances for the mechanism. Two different types of linkage mechanism: A mechanical linkage is a sequence of rigid links linked through joints to shape a closed series, or a series of closed chains. Every linkage has two or more joints, and the joints have a variety of degrees of freedom to allow movement between the relations. A linkage is called a mechanism if two or more links are movable with respect to a fixed link. Four-bar linkage mechanisms: The four-bar linkage is one more mechanism which finds general uses. It is establish in applications such as windscreen wiper drives, Vehicle suspension units and Everyday uses such as the hinges on kitchen cupboard doors and squeeze-mop mechanisms. Two of the links spin about fixed centers and are connected by a coupler linkage. The fourth link is shaped by the frame or bed plate that contains the permanent centers of rotary motion. It must be noted that the number of inversion of machinery is equal to the number of links, which in this case is four links. Reverse motion linkage. As the top bar moves to the left the base bar moves to the right. The bars move in reverse directions. an additional way of describing this linkage is the direction of movement in one bar is reversed in the other rod. The fixed pivot is the centre of rotation. (P6): describe the arrangement and operation of Two different kinds of belt drive: Flat belts: Flat belts are used mostly for transmitting light tons. Since they are flexible, this makes them appropriate for applications where there is some misalignment among shafts; they possibly will be crossed to give opposition directions of turning round to the pulleys. They can also be twisted to attach shaft which are not in the same plane. Vee belts: Vee belts (also recognized as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and arrangement problem. It is currently the essential belt for power transmission. They offer the best mixture of grip, pace of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They are usually continuous, and their common cross-section shape is trapezoidal. The V shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the effect that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to hold into the groove as the load increases the larger the load, the larger the wedging action improving torque transmission and making the vee belt an helpful solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts. Two different kinds of chain drive: A chain is a method of transferring rotary motion between two parallel shafts. The chain drive is positive, efficient and high torques can be transmitted. The chain is generally made from steel although plastic chains have been developed. Roller Chain: Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain most frequently used for transmission of mechanical power on bicycles, motorcycles, and in industrial and agricultural machinery. It is a straightforward, dependable, and efficient means of power transmission. Two different kinds of gear train. Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system that consists of one or more external gears, or planet mechanism, rotating about a central, or sun gear. Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems may also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears. (P7): Describe the arrangement and operation of: Two different kinds of transmission shaft Power transmission shafts are mainly used in two wheeler and four wheeler vehicles. These shafts consist of metal joint elements and a metal pipe connected to each other. To provide more rigidity to shafts, a plastic pipe is inserted into metal pipe thus forming a composite power transmission shaft having more strength and rigidity. Automotive transmission shafts are especially designed and used in two wheelers as well as four wheelers. These shafts are integral hollow type shafts that maintain a perfect balance between static strength and fatigue strength. Two different types of Couplings: Shaft couplings are used in machinery for several purposes, the most common ones are: To provide for the connection of shafts of units those are manufactured separately such as a motor and generator and to provide for disconnection for repairs or alternations. To provide for misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility. To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another. Rigid Slip Couplings: This type of coupling has no flexibility; therefore it is necessary for the shafts that aretobe connected to be in good alignment, both laterally and angularity, in order excessive loadson the coupling, on the shafts, or on the shaft bearings.Rigid couplings do not accommodate misalignment and consequently should not be usedindiscriminately. Types of Rigid Couplings: Sleeve or muff coupling: It is the simplest type of rigid coupling, made of cast iron. Itconsists of a hollow cylinder whose innerdiameter is the same as that of the shaft. It is fitted over the ends of the two shafts by means of a gibhead key. Clamp coupling: Clamp coupling is sometimes called a compression coupling or a ribbed coupling. Clamp coupling is a modification and an improvement of the sleeve coupling. This coupling is made in two parts which are machined to fit the shaft and are finished off around the periphery and on both ends. Flange coupling: A flange coupling usually applies to a coupling having two separate cast iron flanges. Each flange is mounted on the shaft end and keyed to it. The faces are turned up at right angle to the axis of the shaft. Two different kinds of clutch: Dog clutch: is a type ofclutchthat couples two turning shafts or other rotating mechanism not byfrictionbut by interference. The two parts of the clutch are designed such that one will push the other, causing both to rotate at the same speed and will never slip. Dog clutches are used inside manual automotive transmissions to lock different gears to the rotating input and output shafts. Cone clutch: serves the same purpose as a disk or plateclutch. However, instead of mating two spinning disks, the cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque by friction. The cone clutch transfers a higher torque than plate or disk clutches of the same size due to the wedging action and increased surface area. Cone clutches are generally now only used in low peripheral speed applications although they were once common in automobiles and other combustion engine transmissions. Two different kinds of breaks: Disc brakes: are made of cast iron or ceramic composites. The use of these types of breaks ate to stop or slow the rotation of a wheel. Hydraulic brakes: use brake fluid, and normally containing ethylene glycol the reason for this is because to transfer pressure from the controlling unit and also to brake mechanism which is normally near the wheel. (P8): Describe with the aid of diagrams the general layout operation of a Pneumatic actuation system: Pneumatic systems provide a softer action and are also not able to deliver such large forces. Besides the disadvantages pneumatic systems have some advantages which are: Simplicity of Design and Control Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders other components. Control is as easy as it is simple ON OFF type control. Reliability Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very little maintenance. Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock. The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force. Storage Compressed Gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when electrical power is lost. Safety Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil). Machines can be designed to be overload safe. The process of the pneumatic system that is shown above: The compressor receives filtered air form air filter and delivers through an after-cooler to the compressed air receiver. Then the air is distributed to different applications as well as the pneumatic cylinder. Pneumatic systems employ gas that is compressed under extremely high pressure. For some applications where the air must be perfectly dry, the system also contains a moisture separator. The practical use of pneumatics comes in putting that compressed gas to use, at its most basic level a pneumatic system holds compressed gas in a specially designed tank and then we release some of that gas into an expandable chamber. The expandable part of the chamber has a rod attached to it so that as it expands the rod moves outward. Hydraulic actuation systems: Air has a low density and is compressible at the same time as hydraulic oil has a much higher density and is almost incompressible. Therefore, hydraulic systems are capable to function at much advanced pressure and deliver the very huge positive forces which are necessary in applications such as hydraulic presses and lifts. Hydraulic actuation system has advantages which are listed below: Advantages of hydraulics Liquid (as a gas is also a fluid) does not absorb any of the supplied energy. Capable of moving much higher loads and providing much higher forces due to the incompressibility. The hydraulic working fluid is basically incompressible, leading to a minimum ofspringaction. When hydraulic fluid flow is stopped, the slightest motion of the load releases the pressure on the load; there is no need to bleed off pressurized air to release the pressure on the load. The process of the Hydraulic actuation systems that is shown above: The system has motor-driven pump which draws filtered oil from the tank and distributes it through a pressure regulator to the positions where it is necessary. The pump runs constantly and the excess oil which is not necessary for procedures is diverted back to the tank by the pressure regulator. It must be noted that the organization generally supplies a relatively little work area in the locality of the pump and tank. It is not realistic to provide oil under pressure over large distances for the reason that of pressure drop and the need for a return pipe. A manual or automatic control valve supplies oil to the actuation cylinder and directs return oil to the reservoir. A mechanical handling system: The transfer of material, components and assemblies through the manufacturing stages often takes position on roller or belt conveyors. Mechanical handling has a broad variety of handling. Lifting gear used in developing business is broad and in some cases it is extremely meticulous. The roller conveyer is most expected the easiest form where manufactured goods are passed among work stations along a track having rollers. Materials are regularly shifted through a motor-driven belts conveyer. The belts are from frequently maintained on concave roller so that is falls in the center. (P9): Describe with the aid of diagrams the general layout and operation of Steam power generation plant: Though the main process in steam power station is the conversion of heat energy into electrical energy, it comprises of many steps for its proper working and good efficiency. The whole arrangement of a steam power station could be divided into following steps: The steam generating plant consist of boiler and its auxiliary equipments for the utilisation of flue gases. Boiler: The heat produced by the burning of coal in the boiler is used to produce steam at high temperature and pressure. The flue gases produced at the time of combustion is passed through the super heater, economiser, air- preheater and finally exhausted into the atmosphere through chimney. Super Heater: The steam produced in the boiler has got moisture content so it is dried and superheated (i.e. steam temperature is increased above boiling point of water)by the flue gases on the way to chimney. Super heating ensures two benefits at first the overall efficiency of the system is increased and secondly the corrosion to the turbine blades due to condensation in later stages is prevented. The superheated steam from superheater is fed to steam turbine by means of a main valve. Air preheater: Air preheater increases the temperature of the air supplied to coal for combustion using flue gases. Air is drawn in using a forced draught fan and is passed through preheater before supplying it to the boiler. This process increases the thermal efficiency and steam capacity per square meter of the boiler surface. Steam Turbine: The dry and super heated steam from superheater is fed to the turbine by means of a main valve. Due to the striking or reaction impact of the steam on the blades of turbine it starts rotating i.e. heat energy is converted to mechanical energy. After giving heat energy to the turbine the steam is exhausted to a condenser which condenses the exhausted steam by means of a cold water circulation. Alternator: The steam turbine is coupled to an alternator; the alternator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The electrical output is transferred to the bus bars through transformer, circuit breaker and isolators. Feed Water: The condensed water produced in the condenser is used as feed water, some amount of water may be lost in the cycle but it is compensated using an external source and the cycle repeats and gives a better efficiency to the system. Cooling Arrangement: Inorder to increase the efficiency of the plant the steam coming from the turbine is condensed using a condenser. The water circulation for cooling steam in condenser is take from a natural source like river, stream etc and the out coming hot water from condenser is discharged in some lower portion of the water source. In scarcity of water the water from the condenser is cooled and reused with the help of a cooling tower. Refrigeration system: There are several heat transfer loops in a refrigeration system as shown above. Thermal energy moves from left to right as it is extracted from the space and expelled into the outdoors through five loops of heat transfer: Indoor air loop. In the left loop, indoor air is driven by the supply air fan through cooling coil, where it transfers its heat to chilled water. The cool air then cools the building space. Chilled water loop. Driven by the chilled water pump, water returns from the cooling coil to the chillers evaporator to be re-cooled. Refrigerant loop. Using a phase-change refrigerant, the chillers compressor pumps heat from the chilled water to the condenser water. Condenser water loop. Water absorbs heat from the chillers condenser, and the condenser water pump sends it to the cooling tower. Cooling tower loop. The cooling towers fan drives air across an open flow of the hot condenser water, transferring the heat to the outdoors. There are two fundamental types of refrigeration system. They are the; Vapour-compression system The vapour-absorption system. The two types are used for commercial purposes and domestic refrigerators and the two of them work on the standard that when a liquid vanishes, it takes in concealed heat from its surroundings. The liquids used in refrigerators and freezers are called refrigerants. They are made to evaporate at a temperature below 0 degrees Celsius and in doing so; they take in latent heat and maintain the cold space at a sub-zero temperature. A refrigerant must have a low freezing point so that it does not solidify or form slush in the low temperature part of the refrigeration cycle. Also it should have a high value for its latent heat of vaporisation to maximise the transfer of heat energy during the cycle. Compression refrigeration cycles take advantage of the fact that highly compressed fluids at a certain temperature tend to get colder when they are allowed to expand. If the pressure change is high enough, then the compressed gas will be hotter than our source of cooling (outside air, for instance) and the expanded gas will be cooler than our desired cold temperature. In this case, fluid is used to cool a low temperature environment and reject the heat to a high temperature environment. Vapour compression refrigeration cycles have two advantages. First, a large amount of thermal energy is required to change a liquid to a vapor, and therefore a lot of heat can be removed from the air-conditioned space. Second, the isothermal nature of the vaporization allows extraction of heat without raising the temperature of the working fluid to the temperature of whatever is being cooled. This means that the heat transfer rate remains high, because the closer the working fluid temperature approach es that of the surroundings, the lower the rate of heat transfer. An air condition system: An Air-condition system is the full automatic control of the indoor atmosphere to maintain comfortable and healthy conditions. Its objective is to provide clean, fresh air at a temperature and humidity level that is comfortable to the occupants. The essential ingredients in an air conditioning system are a fan to blow air around, a cold surface to cool and dehumidify the air, a warm surface and a source of water vapour. In a large system there will also be a tangle of tubes to distribute the air and collect it again. Notice that the cold surface has two independent jobs to do: it is used to cool the air and it is also used to dehumidify, by condensing water from the air. Advantages of Pneumatic systems over Hydraulic systems: Extremely cheaper then hydraulic systems. The force transmitter, air, is freely available. Cleaner systems as air leakage do not create a mess. Due to high pressure Hydraulic oil becomes very hot after continuous use. It can cause injury/burns if someone comes in contact with it. Usually has open circuits and we dont have to worry about the return circuit. (D1): Justify the use of shell tellus oil 27 lubricant and the splash lubrication system in the lathe machines in the college machine shop: Shell tellus oil 27and 37 lubricants: Shell Tellus Oils oil 27 are premium quality hydraulic oils generally acknowledged to be the standard-setter in the field of engineering hydraulic and fluid power lubrication. Shell tellus oil 27 has high lubrication properties and excellent low friction characteristics in hydraulic systems operating at low or high speed. Prevents stick-slip problems in critical applications enabling very fine control of machinery.Because of the reasons mentioned above shell tellus oil 27 is rated one of the best lubricant for lathe machine. Shell Tellus Oil 37 is an improved version of shell tellus oil 27. Shell Tellus Oi