Essay on Prison Architecture - 1829 Words

Shawn Connell Professor Blomquist Writing 101-15 4/16/12 Prison Architecture Wallace Stegner once said, â€Å"Nothing in our history has bound us to a plot of ground [since] feudalism once bound Europeans† (Stegner 301). The only exception is being imprisoned. For those who brake society’s set laws, â€Å"Prisons and their many variants are built environments whose intended purpose is punishment, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation† (Awofeso). Prisons began to be more widely used because the early Catholic Church disapproved of physical punishments. In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII authorized that incarceration and lack of liberty will take the place of the â€Å"eye for an eye† way of settling disputes previously employed (Awofeso). Today,†¦show more content†¦Their hope was to have the prisoners repent their crimes and embrace a new life of innocence. Haviland factored in a religious element into almost every detail of the structure. The faà §ade is fitted with lancet windows and stained glass. The entrances to the cells are small and short, forcing the new inmate to bow his or her head to enter. Inside the cells themselves, the sole form of light is a skylight representing the light of God or the all seeing eye of God. This system attempts to spiritually cleanse the new comer or in other words, the approach to the prison is a realization of one’s sins, the entrance into the cell is an act of submission, and the time spent in the cell is the beginning of a new life of holiness. The prisoners of Eastern State Penitentiary were not permitted to have contact with anyone, not even the guards. The inmates were meant to not even know where they were and were often masked when entering the building and their dwelling. Wendell Berry once stated â€Å"If you don’t know where you are, you don’t know who you are† (Stegner 299). This was meant to allow the prisoners to have a fresh start and a new beginning; to become a new and improved human being. Haviland wished to truly improve the lives of the individual prisoners and society at large in a way he thought was philanthropic. Although Haviland’s intentions seemed benign, studies show thatShow MoreRelatedMental Illness Within The United States984 Words   |  4 PagesMental illness is an issue that impacts all prison systems throughout the United States. The wellbeing of inmates is a long debated issue. There is much improvement that can be done in the prison systems to help rehabilitate and treat inmates while they are incarcerated to better prepare them for a successful reintegration into society. An examination of the current rehabilitation and treatment programs for inmates diagnosed with psychological illness will assist in identifying failures in withinRead MoreClassical Vs. Classical Criminology989 Words   |  4 Pagesconsidered as a science (Garland 1985). Further, researchers have, however, disputed these claims, arguing that the research provided by classical criminologists is useful and has provided a gateway for many criminal justice reforms. In light of this, this essay will outline the classical criminological theory of crime causation, if any, and discuss how this position has impacted contemporary criminal justice practice. The key assumption of the classical criminological theory is that offenders are free thinkingRead MoreThe Traditional Architectural Style in the Early 19th Century, in Great Britain 965 Words   |  4 Pages In this essay I am aim to explore Pugin’s dissent from tradition through his ideas, inspiration, and his most important works and their meaning. To dissent from tradition is to defy a stultifying tradition or convention, which leads to new, daring styles (Richardson, McKellar, Woods, 2008, p.109). 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Plate 2.4.11 Paragraph 5 – â€Å"Christian† architecture – pointing upwards. Paragraphs 6 7 – Emphasis on Britain’s’ greatness – not requiring ideasRead MoreThe Tower Of London.1532 Words   |  7 Pagesmany historical events having occurred here, but this tower has been prominent to the growth and development of so many aspects within London. The Tower of London is an enormous white tower; this monument is a representation to Norman military architecture. The New Norman kingdom was the motivation behind William the conqueror to start construction for this tower (UNESCO 2017). Used for many purposes, this tower was an innovation to protect London, as well as to literally tower over the city inRead MoreStudy Guide/Outline Chapter 11435 Words   |  6 Pagesin the development of the use of prisons in the United States. 6. Specify the operations of the Walnut Street Jail as the first American prison. 7. Compare the Pennsylvania System with the Auburn System of imprisonment. 8. Explain how the Irish Penal System contributed to the development of the Reformatory Era of prison operations in the United States. 9. List the Acts of Congress and describe their impact on the end to the Industrial Era of prison operations. 10. 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In his essay, Panopticism, Foucault goes into detail about the different disciplinary societies and how surveillance has become a big part of our lives today. He explains how the disciplinary mechanisms have dramatically changed in comparison to the middle ages. FoucaultRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved920 Words   |  4 PagesAccordingly, the rationale behind Morrison’s composition is to encourage black readers to return to the part of their past that many have repressed, ignored or forgotten, instead of persuading white readers consider the slave’s humanity. The critical essay uses examples from Beloved to exemplify her argument, as the use of memory allows the reader to realize the extent of the revision to slave narrative and how Morrison’s poetics operate through history and memory to create meaning. I plan to use Mobley’s

Social And Emotional Difficulties Of Autism Essay

Autism, which wasn t used as a medical term until 1911 by a Swiss psychiatrist by the name of Eugene Bleuler, was originally used to describe symptoms of schizophrenia (â€Å"History of Autism,† n.d.). Not until the 1940 s was it used to describe symptoms of children with social and emotional difficulties (â€Å"History of Autism,† n.d.). Around this same time, Asperger s syndrome, named after Hans Asperger, was identified (â€Å"History of Autism,† n.d.). Throughout this time, autism and schizophrenia remained as associated disorders (â€Å"History of Autism,† n.d.). By the 1960 s autism became known as its own separate disorder, and was no longer associated with schizophrenia (â€Å"History of Autism,† n.d.). Up until the 1980 s autism was treated in a severe manner. Treatment included electric shock treatment and LSD (â€Å"History of Autism,† n.d.). Finally, by the 1980 s autism was beginning to be better understood and more promising treatments became available. . Being a neurobiological disorder that causes discrepancies in the way the brain processes information, autism has frequently been referred to as a trap by many parents of autistic children (â€Å"History of Autism,† n.d.). By this, they mean that their child seems to be trapped inside his or her own body and mind. This disability has a wide range of symptoms. Some of these issues manifest themselves as behavioral issues, social deficiencies, and communication inadequacies (â€Å"History of Autism,† n.d.). This disorder, which used toShow MoreRelatedThe Behavior Of Children With Autism Spectrum842 Words   |  4 Pages Autism is becoming more and more common within young children and can be noticed by the age of 24 months. The definition of Autism spectrum disorder is a steady, developmental disorder, which becomes identifiable by deficiencies in impersonation, signaling, observational learning, joint consideration, typical play, and comprehend the state of feeling (Soucy, 1997). Therefore, it makes it harder for a child to understand concepts or follow directions. These children tend to need extra help or extraRead MoreHow Children With Autism? Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesHow Children with Autism can be Supported in Education? Autism affects the individuals’ social interactions and the social construction of the world (National Autistic society, 2015). Children with Autism follow a different developmental pattern from other children and develop at the different rate. It could be understood as a social/psychological disability. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) – is a neurological condition that affects the way a person experiences and interacts with the world. ChildrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Mild Autism On Children1484 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mild autism can give you a genius like Einstein. If you have severe autism, you could remain nonverbal. You don t want people to be on the severe end of the spectrum. 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BothRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1042 Words   |  5 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of neural development disorders characterized by patterns of demeanor. This disorder causes difficulties with social, communication and behavior challenges. There are developmental resources that help identify children with ASD at a very early age. 1 in every 88th child will be diagnosed with this disorder. On average, boys are five times more predisposed to have autism than girls. There is no scientific test can be used to test out someone who willRead MoreSocial Skills In Preschool Children956 Words   |  4 Pages2009) as cited in (Watkins et al., 2015, p. 1070) show that students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have difficulties with developing social skills. They lack the ability to interact with peers, as well as to initiate and maintain reciprocal conversations. 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As described in the textbook, there is a broad range of characteristics associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). One of the first characteristics noted with ASD is language deficits, or using language in â€Å"odd† ways. As stated in the textbook, â€Å"Children with classic autism may be nonverbal. Alternatively, they may have significant language difficulties, so that their language may consist primarily of echolalia or delayedRead MoreInformative Speech : Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech: Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention Getter: Some of us parents take it for granted when our kids talk so much, ask so many questions, or clown around all day long. We tend to forget how there are some parents that don’t get that right away. Topic Disclosure: Today I am going to talk to you about autism spectrum disorder. Preview: During my speech I will discuss: I. Causes of autism II. Symptoms III. Treatments Audience Link: Before doing the research on autism spectrum disorderRead MoreChildren With Autism Spectrum Disorder1502 Words   |  7 Pageslive with is called Autism Spectrum Disorder. With early diagnosis, intervention, and proper treatment, some children with Autism Spectrum Disorder possibly can lead independent lives. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a â€Å"developmental disability that cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges† (Autism, 2015a). The word â€Å"spectrum† refers to â€Å"a wide range of symptoms, skills and levels of impairment or disability that children with ASD can have† (Autism, 2015b). ASD is â€Å"not

Time to Live field in IP Packets

Question: Discuss about the Time to Live field in IP packets and how this field is structured in both, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes. Answer: Introduction Regardless of the IP packet, you consider (IPv4 or IPv6) they all have a familiar structure where an IP header is followed by a variable data field. Now, the header files will contain control information needed to deliver a packet from one end to another. Time to live (TTL) is an example of these files stored within the header files of an IP packet (Tutorial Point, 2017). Relevance of TTL As a header file, the time to live dictates the time taken by a data packet within a given network, therefore, it determines the overall lifetime of an IP packet within a network. This provision prevents data packets from having an extended lifetime especially during routing loops (Zander, Armitage Branch, 2007). Moreover, TTL determines the number of hops a certain packet will have before being discarded by a router. In itself this is another definition of TTL however, its able to give a deeper meaning of what the TTL does and its overall relevance. Consider this, a packet is a general and fundamental unit of transferring information in most networks today. On the other hand, a router is a network device (within the network layer), that connects two or more networks, for instance, two local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs). Finally, a hop is the overall distance or trip taken by a packet as it transverses from one router to another to get to its destination. Therefore, among its role, the TTL will assign the maximum hops (trips) to a packet before being dropped by a router (LINFO, 2005). In essence, the TTL value within a packet will tell a router whether it's been in the network for too long which facilitates the management of the network to minimise congestion and to account for all data packets. The TTL value is first set by the device or system sending the data packet (source). Its value can range from anywhere between 1 and 255 as dictated by the operating system. As the packet transverses the network, each router subtracts 1 from the existing value. Now, the packet is continuously passed on to the next router so long as the TTL value remains greater than 1. However, in case its 0, the packet is discarded and an Internet Control Message protocol is sent back to the source (Rouse, 2017). TTL in IPv4 As stated before, TTL is located within the header files and in IPv4 is usually the 9th octet having an 8-bit field size. In IPv4, the entire header file contains 20 octets as shown below. Version IHL Type of service Total Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum Source IP address Destination IP address Options Padding TTL in IPv6 Similar to IPv4, the TTL field is usually located in the header files as the 8th field (octet) with an 8-bit size. Moreover, in IPv6 this value is known as the Hop Limit which clearly designates its role within the header files. Version Class Flow Control Payload Length Next Head Hop Limit Source Address Destination Address References Rouse. M. (2017). Time-to-live (TTL). Tech target. Retrieved 21 March, 2017, from: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/time-to-live The Linux Information Project (LINFO). (2005). Time-to-live Definition. Retrieved 21 March, 2017, from: https://www.linfo.org/time-to-live.html Tutorial Point. (2017). IPv4 - Packet Structure. Retrieved 21 March, 2017, from: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/ipv4/ipv4_packet_structure.htm Zander. S, Armitage. G Branch. P. (2007). Dynamics of the IP Time to Live Field in Internet Traffic Flows. Centre for Advanced Internet Architectures. Retrieved 21 March, 2017, from: https://caia.swin.edu.au/reports/070529A/CAIA-TR-070529A.pdf

Information Security Management of HealthScope

Question: Discuss about theInformation Security Management of HealthScope. Answer: Introduction: The main aim of the report is to discuss about an Australian company Healthscope that operates private hospitals, international pathology services and medical centres. It has 17000 employees working in different location for the organization. The information security department of the organization has several responsibilities for maintaining the security of the information system. Thus as a security manager the report is prepared and a brief analysis is done on the information system of Healthscope, the importance of identity access management for the organization is discussed and the development procedures are also discussed. Lastly some recommendation is provided to implement new IAM technology that would benefit the organization to mitigate the security issue. Analysis on Identity and Access Management (IAM) Significant advances in innovation, and in addition seismic movements in government control, have pushed the medicinal services industry into a time of interruption. Human services IT pioneers must explore a moving landscape of plausibility and danger. While innovative advances offer chances to enhance human services conveyance, the specialized and administrative scene represents a few difficulties (Torres, Nogueira Pujolle 2013). Medicinal services IT pioneers must deal with a huge number of uses and advances, including billing, electronic medical records (EMRs), client correspondences and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Most basically, they should guarantee that the data regarding the health of the patient is promptly accessible to the right individuals yet shielded from unapproved access (Uddin Preston 2015). The privacy is the most important priority of the health information system and the IT managers have the role to manage the system using technologies and maintain the s ystem keeping the system up for the users. As today's workforce turns out to be more portable, numerous associations are receiving another methodology Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) to give remote access to email, delicate or protection related information, and business applications (Thatchenkery 2013). The demand of the consumer for mobile application support is also driving the Healthscope organization for developing the mobile application to access their service. IAM is a solid empowering agent that works on (both for business to worker and business to buyer) and serves as a foundational segment in increasing the security in mobile computing. There are a couple ways IAM can help the Healthscope to actualize a more secure information security system: Security defends ordinarily set up for outside associations with a system might be impaired or actualized at a lessened level in light of the fact that the business might not have control over administration of these gadgets (particularly in a BYOD model) (Michael 2012). Accordingly, it is important that verification instruments are executed to affirm that the client of the gadget is approved to get to delicate resource. The Mobile gadgets permit organization staff to get to basic applications (counting security related information) at whatever time and from anyplace. On the off chance that a gadget is lost or stolen, device should be tracked and identified to report the client (Schorer 2014). The user authentication can also reduce the chance of potential fraud incident and detect the device location. Access controls ought to be outlined in view of ease of use; clients may evade excessively prohibitive and badly designed controls, bringing about potential information misfortune episodes (Stephen, Chukwudebe Ezenkwu 2015). A typical illustration is somebody sending actually identifiable or classified data decoded to an individual email account keeping in mind the end goal to get to it outside of the workplace. Importance of IAM The identity and access management is used to identify the impact of the information security system and the complexities that the IS system includes. It is used to identify the security state of the information system and resolve the complexity of the system (Torres, Nogueira Pujolle 2013). The IAM can be applied to a system to manage the technical service and limit the accessibility of the online resources. It can help to give a simplified user experience to the end users of the system and handle the access request and self service management program efficiently (Lodwick 2014). The IAM breaks down the barriers and can easily access the end users. It can apply authentication on the end users to increase the security of the system. Protection for the data residing in the information system is also implemented to secure the data (Uddin Preston 2015). The IAM solution can help to identify the risk and give mitigation technique for resolving the security issues associated with the inf ormation security system. The identity and access management helps to decrease the time of application development that helps to reinvent the authentication systems that are prone to cyber attacks. The IAM helps to implement new technologies in the Healthscope project that would help to identify the holes in the security management and resolve the risk related to the security in the information system and thus help the organization to continue its business process. Development of New IAM Technology IAM is used mostly in securing the data of the information system of an organization. It considers the continuous and future patterns in its advancing circle and empowers more grounded efforts to establish safety. The IAM business sector is predominantly impacted, driven and moulded by the expanding requirement for versatile appropriation and transitioning to distribute computing (Khansa Liginlal 2012). A portion of the most recent advancements and methodologies help associations conquer issues connected with information security. IAM can turn into a potential business-empowering influence for IT associations, with a legitimate key situation in computerized security space, bringing about fruitful conveyance of bleeding edge arrangements. Approaches to making IAM a noteworthy achievement: Keep Customization to the Minimum: predictable methods for IAM characterize building custom frameworks that include every one of the procedures important to allow verification and control. In spite of the fact that altered arrangements bring together components and appearance, they conceal the multifaceted nature underneath (Jrvelinen 2012). A configurable IAM arrangement offers more noteworthy esteem and minimizes the dependence on designers, alongside lessening the consumption. Diminishing Complexity: combined characters and provisioning approval like logins, SSO and review necessities offer a few advantages. Progressively the characters, more is the necessity for provisioning in various spots, and more are the passwords (Goth 2005). Distinguishing proof of a solitary source and actualizing it over the association is superior to the exertion required for recalling various passwords. Provisioning the Right Way: One steady thing in IAM is change. Change in the parts of individuals, new frameworks and procedures make re-provisioning and de-provisioning of clients a need. It is imperative to get the provisioning right with a sharp accentuation on setup (Jankovic 2012). A Business' Accountability: Although, IT assumes a key part in provisioning a record and assigning rights inside a framework, any particular line of business/space, if included, will be responsible if something turns out badly. Henceforth, the most recent IAM arrangements are worked by concentrating more on the business, rather giving 100% power to only it (Giessner, Horton Humborstad 2016). It gets to be simpler for the business to settle on choices about who ought to access what. In this way, provisioning happens consequently, with lesser reliance on IT. Empowering Automation: IAM carries with it the capacity to streamline and computerize awkward procedures, which is a major offering point for undertakings. Mechanizing an IT-driven and complex IAM approach that spares time and cash minimizes various blunders (Uddin Preston 2015). In this manner, an endeavour and end clients can do a few things for which they have dependably needed to depend on IT. The capacity of associations in embracing new innovations and advancing client requests has kept the prerequisite of IAM going. Traverse's IAM system addresses an expansive range of mission-basic needs to give fitting access crosswise over differing innovation situations and meet the constantly expanding consistence prerequisites (Torres, Nogueira Pujolle 2013). The IAM arrangements are business-adjusted and help ventures create full grown IAM abilities for their drives. Recommendation for Application of Recent IAM Technology in the Organization The application of the IAM technology must give the organization some benefit and the risk associated with the business must be resolved with the application. Thus to mitigate the risk of Healthscope and securing their information security system against any physical attacks or cyber attacks it is essential for the organization to implement new technology. The organization can choose the appropriate technology that meets the organizational needs. There are many technologies but according to the analysis it has been found that the integration of the IAM and information security management technologies can improve the management capabilities and deploy new capabilities in the system. SIEM technology can be applied to access the resources and monitor the health information of the system. It can also identify the identity of the users that are logged in the system. The application of SIEM requires a basic IAM policy to monitor the system. There are different vendors providing the SIEM ap plication such as IBM they integrate the SIEM application with IAM products and meet the requirement of the client and secures the network authentication services. The organization can employ SIEM for the monitoring activity and secure the network and the information system of the Healthscope organization. Conclusion The CISO (Chief information security officer) of the IT Security and Information department of Helathscope organization have prepare the report on the management of the information security system. Identity and Access management technique is applied for the proper analysis of the system. The system has become mobile and thus there is a problem regarding the identification of the user and unauthorised access of the data. The identity and access management is applied and importance of IAM to ensure the organizational security and development of new technology using the IAM methodology is discussed in the report. Recommendation is given regarding the application of recent IAM technologies in the Healthscope organization that would help to increase the security of the information system of the organization. References Giessner, S, Horton, K Humborstad, S 2016, "Identity Management during Organizational Mergers: Empirical Insights and Practical Advice", in , Social Issues and Policy Review, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 47-81. Goth, G 2005, "Identity management, access specs are rolling along", in , IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 9-11. Jankovic, M 2012, "Integrated Marketing Communications And Brand Identity Development", in , ManageFon, vol. 17, no. 63, pp. 91-97. Jrvelinen, J 2012, "Information security and business continuity management in interorganizational IT relationships", in , Info Mngmnt Comp Security, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 332-349. Khansa, L Liginlal, D 2012, "Regulatory Influence and the Imperative of Innovation in Identity and Access Management", in , Information Resources Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 78-97. Lodwick, D 2014, "Access and Identity Management for Libraries: Controlling Access to Online Information", in , Technical Services Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 112-113. Michael, K 2012, "Security Risk Management: Building an Information Security Risk Management Program from the Ground Up", in , Computers Security, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 249-250. Schorer, C 2014, "A Review of Access and Identity Management for Libraries: Controlling Access to Online Information", in , Journal of Access Services, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 327-328. Stephen, B, Chukwudebe, G Ezenkwu, C 2015, "Integrated Identity and Access Management System for Tertiary Institutions in Developing Countries", in , Nigerian Journal of Technology, vol. 34, no. 4, p. 830. Thatchenkery, T 2013, "Initiating organisational transformation through Appreciative Intelligence", in , International Journal of Business Performance Management, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 332. Torres, J, Nogueira, M Pujolle, G 2013, "A Survey on Identity Management for the Future Network", in , IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 787-802. Uddin, M Preston, D 2015, "Systematic Review of Identity Access Management in Information Security", in , JACN, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 150-156.

Woodstock (401 words) Essay Example For Students

Woodstock (401 words) Essay WoodstockWOODSTOCK 99’From Peace, Love, and Music to Rapes, Riots, and Raw SewageOn the last night of the three day event, know as Woodstock, held in Rome, New York, at Giffiss Technology Park – a decompressed Air Force base many people have said that a riot occurred. But in reality the real riot happeneds of the course of the three day event, not as a single chaotic, explosive event but as a slow-motion disintegration of the chains that might hold 225,000 people together. What happened isn’t really hard to describe. With nothing more to hold them together, the crowd indured the heat, the sewage, the trash, and the drugs until all that was left was the feeling of standing in a tired, dirty crowd of people and at the end knowing you are all alone. We will write a custom essay on Woodstock (401 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In light of all the chaos the event will go down in history as one of the best rock concerts ever. Over the three day events notable bands such as Limp Bizkit, Kid Rock, Korn, Rage Against the Machine, Metallica, and the Red Hot Chilli Peppers played on two stages and entertained a more than 200,000 people. Along with the raves that were held every night, with DJ’s such as FatBoySlim and the Chemical Brothers hosting them, this festival showed to biggest range of music then the other two. But it was the one having the biggest accident record. Aside from the riots on the last night the New York State police have made forty arrest for crimes commited during the festival and are investigating more than ninety other reported crimes, including eight sex offenses. So far the death count from Woodstock stands at four: Two people dead as a result of heat exhaustion and one from a heart attack, and a women was hit by a car. Some blame the high ticket prices, which were $150 as well as the brutal heat, expensive cost for food and bottled water, nasty conditions and greedy promoters for the chaos the cause and estimated $600,000 in damage. Others have singled out aggressive artists like Limp Bizkit and Korn, which in my opinion is an idiotic excuse for any act of violence. â€Å"Any time you put 220,000 kids on a slab of asphalt and you charge those prices, something is going to go wrong,† Lars Ulrich of Metallica. Music Essays

The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essays

The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essays The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essay The importance of human activities in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems Essay Essay Topic: Ecosystems Humans play an important role in maintaining the biodiversity of semi-natural habitats. Such areas are managed to prevent succession, conserve rare species and try to improve species richness. This conservation is putting to good use the country resources for amenity and recreation. Semi-natural ecosystems have many important values, including economic, environmental, wildlife, archival and heritage. Without human activities the biodiversity of semi-natural ecosystems would more than likely decrease in response to succession, agricultural processes, including nutrient enrichment, and to atmospheric pollution. Human activities aim to maintain natural ecosystems, traditional landscapes, high biodiversity and target species and community types. Many man-made habitats have improved species richness and had positive inputs to the environment. These include chalk and limestone quarries, gravel pits and inland waters, and the building of canals. In the UK many different semi-natural habitats are targeted and maintained by human activity. These include, the management of fens, moorland conservation, woodland conservation and grassland mangement. Fens are rare habitats in the UK, with many containing a variety of habitats including woodland and wet and dry habitats. Rare Schoeno-Junctum is supported by the habitat. Fen habitat hosts many rare bird species, including the Reed bunting. Many fen habitats are fragmented, making them unstable, and they are easily damaged by drainage, nutrient enrichment and cessation of traditional habitat regimes, and are completely lost with reclamation. However, conservation management of fen is relatively inexpensive and simple. It is the low fertility of fen soils that keeps their biodiversity high. It is essential, therefore that nutrient enrichment does not occur, or biodiversity will decrease, as dominant species will out compete the rarer sepcies. An example of the negative effects of nutrient enrichment on fens can be seen at Crymlyn bog Fen. Oil leaked from a near by power station and all the species near by were killed. The further away from the spillage, the greater the biodiversity of the area gets, correlating to decreased nutrient inputs from the oil. Agricultural practices nearby to fen and land reclamation for farming also threaten fens (Boyer and Wheeler, 1989). A relationship between species richness and vegetation production also exists for fens. Productive vegetation is invariably species poor. It is for all the above reasons that human mangement of fens is essential for their survival. Wheeler and Shaw (1994) examined the relationship between species richness and soil fertility across a large number of fens, split into subsets of summer-managed and unmanaged vegetation, using linear regressions. The results suggest that; in unmanaged vegetation, species richness is negatively related to fertility. When vegetation is managed, the species-richness can be just as great in nutrient-rich sites as in nutrient-poor sites and that the number of rare fen species tends to be smaller in more fertile conditions, even when the vegetation is managed. For these reasons, management of nutrient rich systems can support high biodiversity, but few rare species and in low fertility systems, little or no management is needed to preserve high biodiversity. However, some management is required and these human activities maintain the biodiversity of the fen. Species-richness of fen vegetation is related to above ground crop mass, which can be strongly influenced by management regimes. Summer managed fens in the UK have a greater number of rare species and overall species, than do unmanaged fens. Fens are also managed to prevent seral development into fen woodland, which hosts fewer species than fen. Once fen develops into fen woodland it cannot be converted back and therefore its succession needs to be prevented. Fen management by human activity generally involves grazing. Thomas et al (1981) showed that in the Ouse Washes, Cambridge, increased grazing was associated with an increase in botanical diversity. There is also evidence that grazed fens can be richer in birds than ungrazed fens. Two Loch Lomondside fens in Scotland demonstrate this. Crom Mhin, consists of more plant species and hosts more bird species then Aber bogs, with less plant and bird species. The Norfolk Broadland forms the largest area of lowland fen in Britain, containing a large variety of plant species. Parts of the broadland fens are maintained by human cropping activities in the area, for the two main crops, reed and sedge, that are both used for thatching. Reed is mown in winter, usually every year, or every second year. Reed is deciduous so harvesting removes dead material. Sedge is mown every summer, usually on a 3-5 year rotation. Harvesting removes biomass during the growing season and has a big impact on the character of vegetation. Wheeler and Giller (1982) examined the relationship between vegetation mangement and species richness and crop mass in broadland.

Population growth and natural resource availability Research Paper

Population growth and natural resource availability - Research Paper Example The awareness regarding the need of the production system is increasing day by day in order to incorporate the goals of sustainable development. For managing this it is important that the natural resources are renewable, as they are considered to be the indicators for sustainability of the economic dynamics. This approach indicates that the natural resources are considered to be a link between environment and societies. The more recent subject in discussion related to resources and population growth is considered to be the significance of the quality of environment which is measured by the absence of water and air pollution and the stock of forest in a particular region. According to this view, environment may not be considered as a factor which limits the productivity with the expansion of population but it would rather be defined as factor whose quality is degraded with the increase in population. The expanding population increases the need for an arable land; it is a main cause behind deforestation and also encourages the conversion of forests into land for using it for different purposes. It is also considered to be the major cause of air, water and land pollution. On the other side environmental degradation may impose an effect on the natural resources reducing the marginal product of the labor through promoting lower incomes (Hinrichsen and Robey). In the past, the alarming situation was considered to be the diminution of natural resources. There are many scientists who have been calculating that duration till which the reserves of oil and coal will last. Therefore at present the interaction between man and natural environment is considered to be a source of alarm. In every natural ecosystem, the increase in population imposes a great pressure on it. This pressure becomes more immense in case of the human population, as this increase is not just numerical but also brings along the diversification and creation of new needs. This qualitative